Walden Sports Case Study - 1126 Words

This paper measures the employees’ job altitude in Walden Sports, this company wants to make changes to benefit the employees. The main area of concern in this study is performance management and appraisal, work engagement and method of recruitment. Performance management entails identification, measurement, oversight, and development of employee performance, which is necessary to evaluate the employee’s performance in this company. Job satisfaction is a representation of an individual’s attitude towards the job. The overall feeling is that job satisfaction is positively associated with high-involvement practices Mohr, and Zoghi, (2008), suggested that â€Å"satisfaction can come from learning, problem-solving, intergroup cooperation, and†¦show more content†¦Walden Sports was founded just over 12 years ago and co-founded by Benjamin Jones. The company has expanded its product line to include everything that adventurous travelers demand from sleeping ba gs to tents, to guidebooks, maps, even insurance. Clothing and equipment sales are $1,420,000 per year with a gross profit of $202,400. Walden Sport employs 70 people part-time and full-time distributed over a variety of departments, including finance, marketing, and operations. The company has recently started a mail order division through their website which has required their establishment of a mail order fulfillment department, and an IT department (Laureate Education, 2012). Business has been so good the last few years they are able to donate 5% of gross profit to charity. Last year, Walden Sports Inc. acquired an agency called Earth Travelers, one of the most respected tour operators in the market, and began selling their services in Walden stores. In the six months that they have been selling these travel agency services have sold 200 vacation packages at an average cost of $3,340. Walden Sports 10% commission on the sales has been about $66,800. In addition, 35 insurance policies have been sold at an average price of $167 yielding $1,754 from a 30%Show MoreRelatedThe Problem Associated With The Walden Sports Inc.942 Words   |  4 Pages The participants in this study are the employees affiliated with the Walden Sports Inc. The participants will be randomly selected to prevent any biases regardless of sex or gender; for example, the organization having a gender balance of at least 30% will be considered a representative sample of the female populatio n. The participants will also be chosen with no specificity placed on ethnicity, social groups in the company and the socioeconomic status of the individuals to prevent any biases. Read MoreAnalysis Of Henry David Thoreau And Aspergers Syndrome1062 Words   |  5 PagesEarly Romantic author Henry David Thoreau is an immensely popular author for students, both high school and beyond, to study. His works, such as â€Å"Civil Disobedience† (1849), â€Å"Walden† (1854), and â€Å"Life without Principle† (1862) delve into subjects such as freedom, deliberate, and righteous living, which is what makes his works so popular. His elaborate writing style and sharp detail in his stories, though, make him seem pretentious to many readers. However, many scholars have come to debate: WasRead MoreEating Disorders : Bulimia Nervosa1382 Words   |  6 Pagesthis disorder may go unobserved for years and sometimes, it can be too late. Bulimia can be very consuming and at times mortal, this disorder affects the victim’s life physically, mentally and emotionally. II. Review of the Literature or Research Studies Bulimia nervosa is a life threatening eating disorder characterized by two criteria: (1) an irresistible urge to overeat, followed by self-induced vomiting (or purging) and (2) a morbid fear of becoming fat (Russell, 1989). Bulimia brings many healthRead MoreEvaluate the Relative Contribution of Nature and Nurture to Human Psychological Functioning1676 Words   |  7 Pageset al. 2002, p119) This explanation goes some way to describing the perception of sex and gender. The biological approach emphasizes the physiological processes and, in most cases, it is the hormones and genes that determine the sex, and to some extent the behaviour patterns. These behaviour patterns were the subject of a study by Money Erhardt in 1972 who research the behaviours of 25 girls who had been exposed to male type hormones in the womb. It was suggested that the girls exhibited a tomboyishRead MoreApa Challenge2740 Words   |  11 PagesSchool media librarians as transformational leaders (Doctoral diss ertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 329321) Study Notes: Common APA Style and Formatting Challenges The following guidelines are followed by most faculty members on most Walden coursework, theses, and dissertations. Occasionally, Walden faculty will ask for slight variations on these rules. 1. Font: Use a 12-point serif font, such as Times Roman, Garamond, , Palatino, or Century SchoolbookRead MoreCollege Athletes Should Not Be Paid Essay1756 Words   |  8 PagesAre College Athletes Employees? Although most college sports require an intense commitment, college athletes should never receive the title of â€Å"employee.† However, many people disagree with this statement, causing a debate about whether or not college athletes should be classified as employees. The issue climaxed when football players from Northwestern College wanted to form a labor union. They believed that college athletes should be treated better in various ways, whether they are considered employeesRead MorePrevalence Of Injuries During Sports Activities Essay1897 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction: Prevalence of injuries during sports activities has become a common phenomenon in all over the world, requiring to attention of all workers in the sports field, despite the tremendous progress in various medical and sports sciences that use the modern methods in training, diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation and prevention and provision of specialist coaches, doctors and physiotherapists, but the sports injuries are inevitable and are remain a mostly widespread among elite athletesRead MoreMarketing Essay - Gopro2553 Words   |  11 Pages    International   Marketing    Individual   Assignment    2012       ESSAY GoPro - HD wearable camcorder Margarida   Martinho    Strand   Cohort    Introduction When GoPro, which introduced the first wearable sports cameras, launched its first product, there was nothing like this camera. This product has become a success since it was introduced in the market. What makes it so different from the others that satisfy the same needs? Further analysis about the productRead MoreEssay on Life in the 1850s2199 Words   |  9 Pagesworth of property in San Francisco. In 1851, Cornelius Vanderbilt established a steam ship route from New York to California. In 1852, Congress established the Oregon territory. A year later, a San Francisco club introduced the Irish sport of hurling into the United States. That same year a yellow fever epidemic killed 5,000 people in New Orleans. In 1854, the Kansas Nebraska Act opened the Kansas and Nebraska territories to popular sovereignty on the issue of slavery. Read MoreTraining and Job Performance8934 Words   |  36 PagesCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Background of the study Training is an event of planning a learning process in order to improve the person’s knowledge, ability and skills. According to Raymond (2010) â€Å"Planned effort by a company to facilitate to employees’ learning of job competencies. These competencies include knowledge, skills or behaviors that are critical for successful job performance†. This means that any organizations or institutions which want to improve job performance must provide trainings

Whigs vs Jacksonian Democrats - Political Parties - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 748 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/07/31 Category Politics Essay Level High school Tags: Political Parties Essay Did you like this example? Prior to the year 1820, there was no such thing as the democratic and republican parties. The current year is 2018, and the United States now has a better-developed party system. The world has evolved since the nineteenth century, but the United States politics would not be what it is, without the cultivation of the Whig party and the Jacksonian Democrats. Both the Whig party and Jacksonian Democrats had their differences that made the two parties what they were. The idea of having two separate parties did not just appear out of thin air, like most things, some form of event transpired in order to cause a change to occur. The two-party system began after Andrew Jackson became president of the United States. Jackson was known as the president of the common people. Jackson was not like most presidents prior to him. When he was elected president and had his inauguration, he invited many citizens to the white house to celebrate the occasion. Inviting random people without any social status was uncommon for such a prestigious event. Also, the idea of having a president that was a war hero and did not have much knowledge about government as his predecessors did not sit well with the Whig party. They were worried that Jackson would not be able to make any long-term decisions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Whigs vs Jacksonian Democrats Political Parties" essay for you Create order The Whig party was developed due to several people disliking the characteristics of Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun are only a few of the many people in the Whig party that were not in favor of Andrew Jackson. The Whig party believed that the government should be involved in the economy. Most of the people in the Whig party were those not in favor of the growth of small businesses because the Whig party was mostly made up of elite business owners. The big business owners could have been afraid of the possibility of having more competition in their field. Also, the idea of expanding the land westward was something that the Whigs were not necessarily against, but at that time they felt as if the expansion would present more problems at the time rather than answers. The Whig party disagreed so passionately against Andrew Jackson because Jackson was in favor of supporting small business owners and not just the big business owners. Jackson wanted to get rid of the so cial hierarchy that crippled the development of the United States. The Jacksonian Democrats were different from the Whig party in many different aspects. The Jacksonian Democrats were in favor of the underdog. They wanted small business owners, and common white men, to get the opportunity to be as successful as the rich white men in the Whig party. Unlike the Whig party, the Jacksonian Democrats believed in expanding the territory westward in order to expand the possibilities for regular individuals. The Jacksonian Democrats believed that this opportunity would allow for monopolies to be broken in America. Andrew Jackson knew that the big business owners were trying to run a monopoly, so he was so adamant in giving other people the opportunity to break the constant cycle of hierarchy. Personally speaking, the Jacksonian Democrats made the best impact in the nineteenth century. The Jacksonian Democrats strived to give the common white male the opportunity to be more and do more. If the Jacksonian Democrats did not attempt to shake things up, there is no clue as to where America would be today. In todays time period, anyone can start his or her own business at the snap of a finger, regardless of his or her gender or race. If Andrew Jackson had not given that opportunity to Americans, Americans would have stayed under the thumb of large companies rather than starting new businesses. In return, the idea of going from rags to riches would have just been a dream that most people would have only imagined. Because of the Jacksonian Democrats, America is now the land for dreamers to make their small wishes become a reality. Both the Jacksonian Democrats and the Whig party helped the structure of two different parties develop. The Jacksonian Democrats wanted to let the common white man expand their horizon, and the Whig party wanted to keep the same successful men successful, rather than giving other white men the opportunity to be like them. Both parties were developed because each party had strong beliefs, and today, whether someone is a democrat or republican depends on their beliefs and values as well

Euthanasia On A Personal Level - 1035 Words

Before the commencement of my speech, there’s one thing I want all of you to do. Imagine having a little sister or brother, mother or father, bedridden by a terminal illness that plagues their existence with unbearable pain and suffering. Watching them lay there, day after day, as they so desperately hope that one day their agony will cease. What would you want for that beloved family member? Would you want them to constantly endure their anguish and torture until eventually the days comes, or would you want them to pass peacefully, with dignity and pride? What if you were that terminally ill person? Good morning Mrs Arnold, Miss Shiels and fellow class mates, today I will be debating the topic of euthanasia on a personal level, a national level, and a global level. I sincerely believe that euthanasia should be legalised in Australia for terminally ill patients. 1st Argument†¨On November the 8th, 2015, David Attenborough told ‘the guardian’, â€Å"When you see poor people, poor in the sense of having some wretched disease, pleading for their lives to be brought to an end †¦ It’s difficult to think that they don’t deserve to have that right.† And why don’t they have that right? Who are the people of Australia to say â€Å"No, you can remain in an excruciating state of pain for the rest of your days, because our beliefs forbid you to end your own suffering†. As a human being, we should most definitely be subject to the right of choosing how we want our own lives to end, no matterShow MoreRelatedEssay on Utilitarianism and the Case for Euthanasia1353 Words   |  6 PagesUnitarianism and the Case for Euthanasia One of greatest moral issues facing society today is that of freedom. Freedom is a principle that this country was founded on at the start of its inception. Freedom is still a cause that requires our attention. The great debate on simple liberties such as the right to decide what happens to one’s body is still an issue that society has failed to resolve. It is a moral quandary that will continue to be discussed and a deliberated on as long as humankind areRead MoreThe Conflicting Ethics With The Right1540 Words   |  7 Pagesdifference in PAD as opposed to Euthanasia is that in PAD, the patient and not the doctor delivers the lethal dose of medication. Euthanasia may become legal in the future as well and the potential for a nurse to assist in this procedure may be very likely. It is therefore important for anyone involved in the medical field including nurses to be aware of all facets of the euthanasia issue and to analyze their own approaches and personal views regarding this issue. Euthanasia is a term used to express aRead MoreEuthanasia Is The Other Form And It Takes Place Against The Patient s Consent1005 Words   |  5 PagesInvoluntary euthanasia is the other form and it takes place against the patient’s consent. Finally, non-voluntary euthanasia is whereby a physician carries out the act despite the fact that the patient does not have the ability to make the decision. To understand the slippery slope here, it is important to take note of the fact that all these forms of euthanasia are morally demeaning since they do not uphold the right to life. Legalizing PAS would, therefore, imply that the right to life is beingRead MoreThe Controversial Issue Of Euthanasia1680 Words   |  7 PagesEuthanasia For a long time, euthanasia has been a controversial issue in countries all around the globe. However, with active technological progress, this topic becomes more urgent than 50 years ago. Undoubtedly, it is influenced by many factors. One of the leading debatable points is the invention and improvement of artificial life support devices. It is impossible to overestimate the importance of this theme as it is related to the most important value of each person – their life and lives of theirRead MoreEuthanasia and the Americans Right To Die Essay706 Words   |  3 PagesEuthanasia and the Americans Right To Die ...no-one is truly free to live, until one is free to die. -Martin Luther King The issue of euthanasia has been hotly debated in America over the past several years. Like drug decriminalization and abortion, such personal liberty issues can be seen from a multitude of viewpoints, and public opinion varies widely. Recent events concerning euthanasia have brought this issue to a higher level of visibility and raised the publics awarenessRead MorePhysician Assisted Death And Euthanasia1450 Words   |  6 PagesThe subject of physician-assisted death and euthanasia brings about a multitude of ethical dilemmas and causes people to dig deep into personal morals and self-evaluation. In this paper the different types of euthanasia will be defined, Oregon’s Death with Dignity Act and similar the laws enacted in Washington, Montana, and Vermont will be assessed, and the roles and viewpoints of healthcare professionals will be discussed. Active versus passive euthanasia are two different, albeit arguably similarRead MoreA Study On German Medicine1603 Words   |  7 Pagesideology can be traced from eugenics and then makes a sharp jump to euthanasia. Again both Proctor and Kater can agree that the program of euthanasia was used as a manner to get rid of the mentally ill, those who were feeble minded and anyone that the Nazi’s believed would be a detriment to the people of Germany. Proctor spends a great deal of time analyzing what Nazis believed to be â€Å"lives not worth living†.14 According to Hitler’s personal physician, the decision to grant a peaceful death to those whoseRead MoreEuthanasia Essays : Euthanasia And Euthanasia1432 Words   |  6 PagesDoes euthanasia assists patients to die with dignity? From fresh to dying, is the humanity multiplies the development natural law. Along with medicine progress and life enhancement, the people besides pay attention to eugenics, simultaneous starts to pay attention to the euthanasia. Since this century 50 ages, regarding euthanasia, many countries’ medical arenas, educational world, and ethical groups have been arguing about the euthanasia argument for many years, although many person of ideas haveRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Is Not Considered Admissible949 Words   |  4 PagesPhysician assisted suicide- the voluntary termination of one’s own life by administration of a lethal substance with the direct or indirect assistance of a physician, and euthanasia, the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable, painful disease are both highly emotional and contentious subjects. Some argue physician assisted suicide (P.A.S.) is admissible for someone who is dying and trying to painlessly break free from the i ntolerable suffering at the end of their life, and someRead MoreThe Centers For Disease Control And Prevention Released1181 Words   |  5 Pagesword for assisted suicide is euthanasia. Euthanasia is the practice where medical doctors end the suffering of an individual who is ill either by making it voluntary, non-voluntary or involuntary. To begin with euthanasia is not suicide. Suicide is when an individual ends their own life intentionally while on the other hand euthanasia is done by someone else with the consent of person who is ill. There are three types of decisions an individual may take when euthanasia is going to be done. An article

Analysis Of Dalton Conley s You May Ask Yourself

Dalton Conley’s book, You May Ask Yourself, defines sociological imagination as, â€Å"The ability to connect the most basic, intimate aspects of an individual’s life to seemingly impersonal and remote historical forces† (Conley 2015, pg. A-11). Sociological Imagination is the idea of being able to step outside of the box, and evaluate society from an alternative point of view. Symbolic Interactionism, norms, socialization, and the idea of understanding yourself vs. understanding the social aspect of society, are some of the key concepts mentioned throughout this paper, to help break apart what the sociological imagination consists of. Society is changing a lot, and change can sometimes make it hard to cope with the world around us. Sociological imagination is a lot deeper than just common sense. Author of The Sociological Imagination, C. Wright Mills states, â€Å" Talking about sociological imagination is what makes us feel more grounded in the face of all the se changes† (C. Wright Mills). If I keep an open mind, and pay attention to the larger world around me, I am better to understand the connections of what is going on in my individual life, and what is going on in the social world. The sociological imagination has two lenses to it, the individual lens, and the society lens. The individual lens deals with personal troubles; Individuals comparing themselves to everyone around them. For example, with the media, we see all these commercials, and ads that portray falseShow MoreRelatedSolution Manual, Test Bank and Instructor Manuals34836 Words   |  140 PagesDear All, If you need any solution manual, testbank for testbooks from the list, do contact us anytime, we provide competitive prices and fast delivery after payment done. Contact us: smtbportal@gmail.com smtbportal(at)gmail(dot)com 2010 Corporate Partnership Estate and Gift Tax with HR Block TaxCut 4e Pratt Kulsrud Solution Manual 2010 Corporate Partnership Estate and Gift Tax with HR Block TaxCut 4e Pratt Kulsrud Test Bank 2010 Federal Taxation with HR Block TaxCut 4e Pratt Kulsrud

Effectiveness of Self-Learning-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Evaluate the effectiveness and your usefulness of the learning experience. 2.Explain how this learning process will be useful to you. 3.Describe objectively what happened in the learning process. 4.Evaluate what you learn. 5.Explain your learning process. 6.Explain Plan how this learning you will beapplied. Answers: 1.Effectiveness and usefulness of self learning experience Every project provides individuals with certain experience. However, in order to stand out from the crowd, the individuals need to assess the effectiveness and usefulness of the experience that they have undergone (Collis and Hussey 2013). Conducting a research project on practice of sustainability in the Australian apparel sector has provided me with a thrilling experience. Exposure of rationalistic and conscious approach towards the development of aims, objectives and questions has instilled within me self-organizational skills. As a matter of speciation, while reading about the background of the apparel sector of Australia, I was awestruck regarding its diversity. This diverse background generated an interrogative feeling within me. With this, feeling, various and wide ranging questions came into my mind. This action has two connotations. On one hand, it reflects interplay with the sustainable diversity of the apparel sector of Australia. On the other hand, it projects my skills t o critically review the available sources. This type of behavior towards the execution of a research qualifies me as an efficient and effective researcher (McNiff 2016). The adjectives efficient and effective include the humanitarian aspect. Typical examples of this motive are acknowledging others work by citing them in the references and intexting; collecting data from reliable sources; preservation of the individual sentiments of the samples during the process of collecting data among others. Conscious attitude towards all these issues highlights the positive shade of my character. This positivity enhances my societal status as well as individuality. This enhancement is a gradual progression towards the attainment of personal as well as professional development (Polonsky and Waller 2014). 2.Usefulness of the learning process Assessment of the usefulness of the exposed performance assists the individuals to evaluate their performance in terms of the targeted goals. Prior to the initiation of the action, setting a benchmark helps the individuals to aim high. As a sequential step, setting short term goals acts as the steps, which helps the individuals to reach to the identified benchmark. Within this, evaluation can be considered as an agent regarding the review of the displayed performance (Bell 2014). While executing the research on the sustainable practice of Kathmandu Holdings Limited, I learned about the diversified business practice of the company as well as the sector as a whole. My capability to shed light on the concepts, theoretical applications and analyzing the results of the collected data made me aware of my passion towards the subject of research and development. Upon recognizing my passion, I searched out for best universities in Australia offering diploma courses in research and development . Here also I evaluated the colleges that I found would be best for me in terms of nurturing the researcher in me. Taking this course as my future career would bring transformations in my personality (Gould and Taylor 2017). Viewing it from other perspective, research and development would qualify me as an agent in terms of beautifying my surroundings. This beautification would make the society a better place to live in. The word better can be related to the upgradation in the lives of the business persons, patients, plight of the companies and organizations among others. 3.Objective description of the events of learning process Penetrating into this point of reflection, I consider myself as capable of providing an objective description of the events, which I came across while doing the research. From my childhood, I longed for doing research projects on developing my country. So, when my professor gave me the responsibility to execute a research, I felt elated. No matter what is the topic, I got to conduct a research and the thought was so lively (Coghlan and Shani 2014). Thanks to the long deadline that I had in my hand. For the first few weeks, I developed an understanding about the topic. Within this, I attempted to experiment with my preconceived knowledge on the research topic. I penned down my thoughts, which proved beneficial in terms of initiating with the project. As a sequential step, I searched on the internet about the Company profile, Kathmandu Holdings Limited. I came across a pool of information about the company, from which I selected only the relevant ones (Bevitt 2015). I was speechless about the innovative task that the personnel performed for nourishing the passion of the customers towards adventure and travel. Reading this, I also felt an urge to visit the company and purchase clothes for sailing into the sea of adventure. Bringing myself back from the imagination, I initiated with the first chapter. I penned down my thoughts regarding the background of the study and the company. Along with this, I also expressed my thoughts regarding the rationale. This expression assisted me to develop aims, objectives, questions and hypothesis, which would take the research a step forward (Roberts 2014). In the following weeks, I went to the libraries, company websites and archives for collecting data on the sustainable practice of Kathmandu Holdings Limited. I also contacted with my friends, relatives and peers for knowing their viewpoints on the research topic. This broadened my perspectives and helped me in analyzing the collected data. Delving deep into the analysis, I emerged successful in deducing conclusions and suggesting relevant recommendations for improvements in the field highlighted in the research (McKernan 2013). 4.Evaluation of self learning First of all, assigning the task of conducting a research aligned with my passion. Allocating a business research project was something other than my interest; however, the motive of research generated an urge within me to take up the responsibility. This action instilled within me the moral that life is not a bed of roses and at some points, challenging tasks needs to be taken for enhancement of the personality. Referring to various sources, I was confused regarding which one to take. In this situation, I evaluated the gathered sources in terms of the identified and the specified objectives (Manen 2016). This action instilled within me self-organizational skills, due to which I became conscious regarding the performance of research related activities. Typical example in this direction is the application of relevant theories and models in the chapter of literature review. Relating the propositions of the theories and models with the business procedures of the company was an enduring one. I first gathered a number of theories and models, which I thought could be applied to the sustainable practice by the company, Kathmandu Holdings Limited. I made the first attempt and was unsuccessful (Tracey, Hutchinson and Grzebyk 2014). However, I did not give up and exposed persistent attitude in terms of theoretical application. This type of behavior is extremely beneficial in my future life for the achi eving professional development. While conducting survey, I was extra careful in terms of looking after the safety and security of the employees. I made it a point to use their responses only for my research purpose rather than commercial purpose. This highlighted the humanitarian shade of my character. 5.Explanation of the learning process The learning that I underwent I terms of doing the research was diversified in nature. When I read about the company profile, I came across with the business processes that the companies and organizations undergo for the luring the customers like me. Reading about these processes made me realize the hard efforts that the personnel display for the achievement of success (Moloney et al. 2016). My reference to these sources can be considered as the conglomeration of the field of RD and business. Conjoining this, researching about the different business processes helped me to deduce conclusions and suggest recommendations for the improvement of the selected research field. The development of hypothesis projected my capability in terms of assessing the impact of sustainability on the business of Kathmandu Holdings Limited. This assessment comprised both the negative and the positive perspectives. This motive remained the same in the proposal and the actual research. Maintenance of consistency in the consideration of the motive assisted me in establishing linkages between the objectives, literature review and the results of the quantitative and the qualitative data (Manen 2016). In order to link these headings, I had to possess adequate knowledge regarding my performance in these chapters. Exposure of rationalistic and conscious approach in these actions helped me in the achievement positive outcomes in the form of conclusions and recommendations. 6.Plan for the application of the learning Planning is important in terms of conducting the allocated tasks in efficient and effective manner. Systematization of the tasks according to their priority results in the successful completion of the tasks within the stipulated time. Adoption of exploratory approach for conducting the research assisted me in excavating new information in the field of sustainability (Bevitt 2015). These facts would act as a secondary source of information for aspiring researchers like me in terms of exploring the unexplored realms of the research topic. I plan to enroll myself in the diploma course in RD being offered in central Queensland University. This would enhance my preconceived skills, expertise and knowledge about efficient execution of a research. This enhancement would uplift the societal position of the businessmen and businesses as a whole in the near future through the means of my research. The previous sentence projects the symbolic significance of the word development in terms of my p ersonal and professional development (Tracey, Hutchinson and Grzebyk 2014). References Bell, J., 2014.Doing Your Research Project: A guide for first-time researchers. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Bevitt, S., 2015. Assessment innovation and student experience: A new assessment challenge and call for a multi-perspective approach to assessment research.Assessment Evaluation in Higher Education,40(1), pp.103-119. Coghlan, D. and Shani, A.B., 2014. Creating action research quality in organization development: Rigorous, reflective and relevant.Systemic practice and action research,27(6), pp.523-536. Collis, J. and Hussey, R., 2013.Business research: A practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students. Palgrave macmillan. Gould, N. and Taylor, I., 2017.Reflective learning for social work: research, theory and practice. Routledge. McKernan, J., 2013.Curriculum action research: A handbook of methods and resources for the reflective practitioner. Routledge. McNiff, J., 2016.You and your action research project. Routledge. Moloney, C., Rosales, J., Badenhorst, C. and Roberts, J., 2016. Fostering reflective practice for sustainable professional development: Lead by Design, a pedagogical initiative. InNew Developments in Engineering Education for Sustainable Development(pp. 199-212). Springer International Publishing. Polonsky, M.J. and Waller, D.S., 2014.Designing and managing a research project: A business student's guide. Sage Publications. Roberts-Holmes, G., 2014.Doing your early years research project: A step by step guide. Sage. Tracey, M.W., Hutchinson, A. and Grzebyk, T.Q., 2014. Instructional designers as reflective practitioners: Developing professional identity through reflection.Educational Technology Research and Development,62(3), pp.315-334. Van Manen, M., 2016.Researching lived experience: Human science for an action sensitive pedagogy. Routledge.

Innovation Sustainable Business Developmentâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Innovation Sustainable Business Development? Answer: Introduction This report covers the requirement of the innovation in the business in order to fulfill the consumers' demand as well as to match up with the latest marketing challenges. Samsung Company which is involved in the manufacturing and the distribution of consumer electronic goods i.e. refrigerators, smart phones, air conditioner, etc. and to keep these products up-to-date, numerous techniques are adopted in relevance with the innovation of the products to cope up with the consumers requirements as well as to fulfil the organizational goals and objectives. Under this report, innovation in relation to the smartphone will be discussed for the sustainable business development. Frequent amendments have been made till the date in smart phones in order to keep them up-to-date as well as with the motive to ease the work of their users. Finger print sensor for unlocking the phone, double camera feature to improvise the photo shoot experience, etc. Now Samsung has planned to introduce the projecto r feature in their smart phones in order to facilitate the users to visualize the applications, features in the smart phones on a big screen. This feature will help its users to ease the business presentation process; it will enhance the gaming experience, as well as the people who love to watch movies in theatres, will be able to see movies on a big screen in their homes only The issues solved by Innovation The innovation developed by the Samsung Company in their smart phones will help the unique classes of people (Dentchev, et. al., 2016). Below are some of the examples through which the issues resolved with the introduction of innovation will be discussed: For instance- While conducting the meeting in the office with clients or board of directors, a presentation is very crucial to define the position of the organization. But in the scenario of projector does not get started due to some technical fault. In that situation, the employee presenting the presentation could use this feature to continue the meeting and it will help the organization to save their reputation in front of their clients (Boons, et. al., 2013). The innovation developed by the Samsung Company will also help the students in order to attend the classes which they have missed due to certain reasons. They just need to take the files from their friends or the teacher itself and can visualize the presentation on the big screen for better understanding (Richter, 2013). This feature could also be used for the entertainment purpose. With the help of these features, videos, movies, and entertainment material could be easily operated on a big screen and it will enhance the level of entertainment (Halme Korpela, 2014). Along with these examples, there is a numerous number of issues could be resolved in every field with the help of projector feature in the smart phones. To spread the awareness in public, an organization needs to adopt some effective strategies in order to achieve the expectations set up by the internal stakeholders of the organization (Caeque Hart, 2015). Benefits of Innovation Innovation is made in the products in order to enhance the performance as well as to ease the work of its users. Samsung Company is known for adopting innovative techniques in order to make their smart phones attractive as well as useful for its users. Recent successful amendments made in the smart phones are finger print unlocking system, double camera feature, curved screen, improvising screen resolution, etc. (Hough Mattson, 2016). Apart from these, they have planned to implement the new feature which is projector facility in the smart phones. Due to this feature, a weight of the phone will be increased but it will be very useful for every class of users. Following are some of the benefits from implementation of projector feature: With the successful implementation of the innovation designed by the Samsung, Company will help them to lead the mobile industry for a long period of time and the other companies will pay royalty or fees for using their innovation on their phones. From the perspective of customers, various issues could be resolved as well as it will result in profits for users. Users could convert their bedroom into theatre using the innovation developed by Samsung in their smart phones. Apart from this, it will be useful for business class people to conduct the presentation anytime anywhere. Urgent meetings would be easily convertible into the smart meetings through the projector feature in the smart phones. This will increase the value of the smart phones as well as the usage of this will also increase. From the perception of mobile manufacturing industry, the cost of the phones will be increased by including this feature and it will lead to the price of the finished good as well. TO avoid this, an organization needs to adopt cost leadership theory in order to achieve the competitive advantage as well as to provide the innovative products at very reasonable rates (Zailani, et. al., 2015). Strategic Response or plan This process is the evaluation of the plan developed by the organization amongst the public. Before implementing the innovation in the product, certain imitation products are produced in order to gain the knowledge in relation to the innovation designed by the organization. With the help of imitation products, demand is analyzed from the different markets of the world. To spread the awareness in the public in relation to the new product launching with innovative features, the certain set of promotion and advertisement strategies will be adopted (Migliori, et. al., 2014). The best technique to promote the new products or the new business in the new or in existing market is the promotional campaigns, the adaptation of digital as well as the print medium of advertisement, display shows, sponsorship, etc. Digital platform of the advertisement and the promotion includes certain sources such as email marketing, social media marketing, television advertisement, radio advertisement, etc. These sources are bit expensive from the print medium of advertisement but the effectiveness of the same is quite high. These sources cover the large market area while the print medium of advertisement covers small section. The print medium of the advertisement includes advertisement through a newspaper, magazines, pamphlets, board hoardings, etc. (van den Ent, et. al., 2017). For generating the demand of the product with innovative features, it requires adaptation of most aggressive promotional techniques. This will help the organization to improve their image as the most innovative company. This will improve the market share of the company as well as the goodwill of the company will also get improved (Rocha, et. al., 2016). In relevance with the Samsung mobiles, the suitable technique will be display shows, this will help the consumers to analyze the most appropriate usage of the particular new feature launched by the organization. Apart from the display shows, electronic media and the sponsorships of the events could also be adopted. These are the most useful and relevant programs through which new products could be promoted in an effective manner. Samsung Company is present in almost all well-known nations across the globe. Hence, promotional expenses will be huge in relevance with the promotion of the innovation included in the smart phones. Samsung needs to evaluate the details in relevance with the demand of the new product launched. The main concern should be imposed on the country or area from which the appropriate response was received. The organization needs to develop certain plans in relevance with the adaptation of adequate techniques of promotion. This will help them to save the irrelevant cost incurred in the promotion of the product with a new feature. Incurring high expenses over the promotional and the advertisement expenses will lead to increase in the prices of the product hence; it could decrease the demand for the new products launched by Samsung. Project Option Analysis Project option analysis is the process for selection of the most suitable technique through which particular project could be initiated that could match up with the consumers needs as well as that could also match up with the government regulations. Adaptation of these policies and rules in the process of selection of the suitable technique for the project will help the organization to avoid glitches which could affect the organizational performance (Eadie, et. al., 2013). There are numerous strategies are available through which the best could be identified in relation to customers' requirements and other obligations. The first and the foremost requirement needs to consider is the quality of the product because Samsung Company is planning to launch the smart phone with an updated feature. In the smart phones, low-quality materials used to manufacture the finished goods could lead to the severe accident situations with consumers and it will lead to effect in the goodwill of the compa ny. Hence, the adaptation of suitable method should include the quality standard to manufacture the products for maintaining the goodwill of the company (Grant, 2016). Amongst the available techniques, the adequate technique will be CBA analysis. Under this technique, all the available techniques are compared with and tested to evaluate the NPV (Net Present Value) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). Hence, with the use of CBA analysis, the most suitable technique could be used in order to attain the economic feasibility (Beelen, et. al., 2014). There are other techniques are available which could be used as the selection of the suitable technique. Cost-Effectiveness and the multi-criteria analysis are two alternative options through which Samsung could select the most suitable method for their project which could help them to attain the objectives and the goals of the organization. The technique used for the project option analysis needs to be efficient enough so that all the policies related to the launching of the new smart phone could fulfill the requirements of the government regulations as well the objectives of the organization (Cole, et. al., 2013) Recommendation It is observed that Samsung Company and other smart phone producing companies are working on its update constantly to make their product latest and user-friendly. This time, Samsung Company has evaluated certain unique features through which smart phone will be much smarter than before. Projector feature is included in the Samsung smart phones to ease the work of unique classes of a public. It is recommended to the Samsung Company to bring rapid change in the smartphones; this will increase their expenses in relation to the research and the development. Apart from the rapid amendments, the adequate set of technologies and the methodologies needs to be adopted in order to enhance the organizational performance. The best and the suitable method should be used and it may vary from country to country. The feature recently added by the Samsung Company in their smart phones will be more effective when their benefits will be described to the audience adequately in order to maximize the dema nd for the products newly launched by the organization. With the implementation of these strategies, most appropriate and the effective methods for the promotion of the new product needs to be adopted for achieving better results. Conclusion From the above discussion, it has been concluded that the adequate innovation practice needs to be adopted in order to make the companys products unique and attractive. This will help the company to increase the demand for the products. In this scenario, an organization has decided to launch the smart phone with projector feature and this will go to help the different classes of people. To evaluate the demand of the new products launched in the global market, the adaptation of adequate strategies. Under this report, various topics were discussed in relevance with the innovation developed in the smart phones by Samsung. Issues resolved with the help of the launching of the new feature in the smart phone, benefits of the innovation made, strategic response through which organization could make the successful launching of the product as well as the adaptation of the strategies such as CBA analysis and the Cost Effectiveness and multi criteria analysis could also be used for increasing t he profitability of the organization. References Beelen, R., Raaschou-Nielsen, O., Stafoggia, M., Andersen, Z. J., Weinmayr, G., Hoffmann, B., Vineis, P. (2014). Effects of long-term exposure to air pollution on natural-cause mortality: an analysis of 22 European cohorts within the multicentre ESCAPE project.The Lancet,383(9919), 785-795. Boons, F., Montalvo, C., Quist, J., Wagner, M. (2013). Sustainable innovation, business models and economic performance: an overview.Journal of Cleaner Production,45, 1-8. Caeque, F. C., Hart, S. L. (Eds.). (2015).Base of the Pyramid 3.0: Sustainable development through innovation and entrepreneurship. Greenleaf Publishing. Cole, J. R., Wang, Q., Fish, J. A., Chai, B., McGarrell, D. M., Sun, Y. Tiedje, J. M. (2013). Ribosomal Database Project: data and tools for high throughput rRNA analysis.Nucleic acids research,42(D1), D633-D642. Dentchev, N., Baumgartner, R., Dieleman, H., Jhannsdttir, L., Jonker, J., Nyberg, T. van Hoof, B. (2016). Embracing the variety of sustainable business models: social entrepreneurship, corporate intrapreneurship, creativity, innovation, and other approaches to sustainability challenges.Journal of Cleaner Production,113. Eadie, R., Browne, M., Odeyinka, H., McKeown, C., McNiff, S. (2013). BIM implementation throughout the UK construction project lifecycle: An analysis.Automation in Construction,36, 145-151. Grant, R. M. (2016).Contemporary Strategy Analysis Text Only. John Wiley Sons. Halme, M., Korpela, M. (2014). Responsible Innovation toward sustainable development in small and medium?sized enterprises: a resource perspective.Business Strategy and the Environment,23(8), 547-566. Hough, J., Mattson, J. (2016). The Changing State of Rural Transit: Challenges, Trends, Benefits, and Innovations.TR News, (303). Migliori, G. B., Rabe, K. F., Bel, E., Elliott, M., Gaga, M., Holgate, S. T., ... Simonds, A. K. (2014). The European Respiratory Society plans its future: the 20132018 strategic plan.European Respiratory Journal,43(4), 927-932. Richter, M. (2013). Business model innovation for sustainable energy: German utilities and renewable energy.Energy Policy,62, 1226-1237. Rocha, C., Duclos, L. C., Veiga, C. P., Bischof-Dos-Santos, C., Neves, N. A. F. (2016). The control mechanisms on the performance of the strategic initiatives management: analysis of critical sales process in a metallurgical business.International Business Management,10(4), 357-369. van den Ent, M. M., Swift, R. D., Anaokar, S., Hegg, L. A., Eggers, R., Cochi, S. L. (2017). Contribution of global polio eradication initiativefunded personnel to the strengthening of routine immunization programs in the 10 focus countries of the polio eradication and endgame strategic plan.The Journal of Infectious Diseases,216(suppl_1), S244-S249. Zailani, S., Govindan, K., Iranmanesh, M., Shaharudin, M. R., Chong, Y. S. (2015). Green innovation adoption in automotive supply chain: the Malaysian case.Journal of Cleaner Production,108, 1115-1122.

Operating Systems Essay Example For Students

Operating Systems Essay An operating system is the program that manages all the application programs in a computer system. This also includes managing the input and output devices, and assigning system resources. Operating systems evolved as the solution to the problems that were evident in early computer systems, and coincide with the changing computer systems. Three cycles are clear in the evolution of computers, the mainframe computers, minicomputers and microcomputers, and each of these stages influenced the development of operating systems. Now, advances in software and hardware technologies have resulted in an increased demand for more sophisticated and powerful operating systems, with each new generation able to handle and perform more complex tasks. The folowing report examines the development of operating systems, and how the changing tehcnology shaped the evolution of operating systems. First Generation Computers (1945?1955)In the mid?1940s enormous machines capable of performing numerical calculations were created. The machine consisted of vacuum tubes and plugboards, and programming was done purely in machine code. Programming languages were unheard of during the early part of the period, and each machine was specifically assembled to carry out a particular calculation. These early computers had no need for an operating system and were operated directly from the operators console by a computer programmer, who had immediate knowledge of the computers design. By the early 1950s punched cards were introduced, allowing programs to be written and read directly from the card, instead of using plugboards. Second Generation Computers (1955?1965)In the mid?1950s, the transistor was introduced, creating a more reliable computer. Computers were used primarily for scientific and engineering calculations and were programmed mainly in FORTRAN and assembly language. As computers became more reliable they also became more business orientated, although they were still very large and expensive. Because of the expenditure, the productiveness of the system had to be magnified as to ensure cost effectiveness. Job scheduling and the hiring of computer operators, ensured that the computer was used effectively and crucial time was not wasted. Loading the compliers was a time consuming process as each complier was kept on a magnetic tape, which had to be manually mounted. This became a problem particularly when there were multiple jobs to execute written in different languages (mainly in Assembly or Fortran). Each card and tape had to individually be installed, executed then removed for each program. To combat this problem, the Batch System was developed. This meant that all the jobs were grouped into batches and read by one computer (usually an IBM 1401) then executed one after the other on the mainframe computer (usually an IBM 7094), eliminating the need to swap tapes or cards between programs. The first operating system was designed by General Motors for the IBM 701. It was called Input/Output System, and consisted of a small set of code that provided a common set of procedures to be used to access the input and output devices. It also allowed each program to access the code when finished and accepted and loaded the next program. However, there was a need to improve the sharing of programs, which led to the development of the SOS (Share operating system), in 1959. The SOS provided buffer management and supervision for I/O devices as well as support for programming in assembly language. Around the same time as SOS was being developed, the first operating system to support programming in a high?level language was achieved. FMS (Fortran Monitoring System) incorporated a translator for IBMs FORTRAN language, which was widely used as most programs where written in this language. Third Generation Computers (1965?1980)In the late 1960s IBM created the System/360 which was a series of software compatible computers ranging in different power of performance and price. The machines had the same architecture and instruction set, which allowed programs written for one machine to be executed on another. The operating system required to run on this family of computers has to be able to work on all models, be backwards compatible and be able to run on both small and large systems. The software written to handle these different requirements was OS/360, which consisted of millions of lines of assembly language written by thousands of different programmers. It also contained thousands of bugs,

Plate Tectonics Essays (729 words) - Plate Tectonics,

Plate Tectonics Plate tectonics are a relatively new theory that has revolutionized the way geologists think about the Earth. According to the theory, the surface of the Earth is broken into large plates. The size and position of these plates change over time. The hypothesis of continental drift was largely developed by the German Alfred Wegener The edges of these plates, where they move against each other, are sites of intense geologic activity, such as earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain building. Plate tectonics is a combination of two earlier ideas, continental drift and sea-floor spreading. Continental drift is the movement of continents over the Earth's surface and in their change in position relative to each other. Sea-floor spreading is the creation of new oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges and movement of the crust away from the mid-ocean ridges. Plate Boundaries are located around the boarder of the plate. It is where the plates collide. There are different types of Boundaries, Divergent Plates transform boundary Subduction boundary and collisional boundary. A divergent boundary occurs where two plates move apart, allowing magma, or molten rock, to rise from the Earth's interior to fill in the gap. The two plates move away from each other like two conveyor belts moving in opposite directions. Plate area is increased as the plates move apart. Plate movement takes place laterally away from the plate boundary, which is normally marked by a rise or a ridge. The ridge or rise may be offset by a transform fault. Presently, most divergent margins occur along the central zone of the world's major ocean basins. The process by which the plates move apart is referred to as sea floor spreading. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge and East Pacific Rise provide good examples of this type of plate margin. Also known as spreading boundary. The rate at which each plate moves apart from a divergent margin varies from less than 50 mm per year to over 90 mm per year and can be determined from the pattern of magnetic anomalies either side of a spreading ridge. Either side of a spreading center, weak magnetic anomalies 5-50 km wide and hundreds of kilometers long can be identified. Molten rock cools between diverging plates the magnetic minerals present align themselves with the orientation of the Earth's magnetic field at that time. The polarity of the Earth has changed at regular intervals throughout geological time. Magnetic north has alternated between the Arctic (normal polarity) and the Antarctic (reversed polarity). These long linear strips of magnetic anomalies form a symmetrical pattern either side of a spreading center. A record of the changes in the Earth's magnetic polarity has been established and dated for the Cenozoic and is the basis for magnetostratigraphy. This record, in conjunction with the magnetic stripes found either side of a spreading ridge, allows the rate and pattern of sea floor spreading to be examined. At a convergent boundary two plates are in relative motion towards each other. One of the two plates slides down below the other at an angle of around 45 degrees and is incorporated into the Earth's mantle along a subduction zone. The path of this descending plate can be found from analysis of deep earthquakes and the initial point of descent is marked on the surface by a deep ocean trench . Plate area is reduced along the subduction zone. When two plates of oceanic crust collide a volcanic island arc may form. As one of the plates is subducted beneath the other it begins to melt at a depth of between 90 and 150 km and the resulting magma rises to the surface above the subduction zone to form a chain or arc of volcanoes. The edge of the plate, which is not descending, is therefore marked by a chain of volcanic islands. A transform boundary occurs where two plates slide against each other. But rather than sliding smoothly, the plates build up tension, then release the tension with a spurt of movement. This movement is felt as an earthquake. The San Andreas fault system is the most famous example of this type of boundary. Here two plates move laterally past each other and oceanic crust is neither created nor destroyed. A collisional boundary occurs where two land masses on plates are pushed together. Trying to occupy the same space, the land masses buckle and fold, creating mountain ranges. In conclusion there are four types of plates. They are constantly moving because of the convection cell. Because of the plate colliding the earth changes in shape. By Earthquakes, Mountains

Scary story free essay sample

When she opened the door, she Immediately knew there was someone In her house. She asked Is there someone? , but no one answered, so she went to the kitchen and started making supper. While she was chopping tomatoes, she heard knocking upstairs. The knife fell out from her hand. She picked It up with shaking and went to the stairs. The noise was going from bathroom in the end of the hall. She turned on the lights and went straight on, holding the raised knife. The door was ajar. She was very frightened, her heart beating was very loud. She opened the door and turned on the lamp very quickly. For her surprised there wasnt anybody in the bathroom and the noise blew over. She was going through the hall. When she stood on the first step, someone said Hello. She screamed very loudly and she started falling down the stairs. We will write a custom essay sample on Scary story or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On the floor she realized, her arm had broken. She was groaning with pain. She looked up and saw a man with a pumpkin head. He was holding bloodstained knife. The man was going to her. What do you want? Why do you want to kill me? - she asked. Its your Halloween treat. he answered laughing. She was trying to get to the main door. She stood up crying and held the handle, but unfortunately it was too late. He caught her and said Trick or treat! , stabbing her stomach. She fell down, spitting with blood. While the man was going out he said for goodbye Happy Halloween! . ton

The Handmaids Tale - Margaret Atwood Discuss the Gileadean concept of Freedom to, freedom from

The Handmaids Tale - Margaret Atwood Discuss the Gileadean concept of Freedom to, freedom from The dystopian novel, 'The Handmaid's Tale' implies the fact that there are two types of freedom, freedom to and freedom from. It is the paradox between 1980's America and Gilead that is examined continually throughout the novel and it's the ideas of 'freedom to' being a society of broad-minded morals and 'freedom from' the more controlled, restrictive society with an imposition upon individual freedom that are most prominent. In Atwood's thought-provoking novel, two societies with conflicting ideologies and concepts of liberty are juxtaposed through a series of flashbacks in an attempt to examine how people would cope when society suddenly deprived its people of freedom and denied them of information.The first society of modern America with its liberal customs, is compared and contrasted to the second society of Gilead, a totalitarian Christian authority which has taken control over America in the 1980's to save it from its declining birth rate and high levels of moral corruption.The Handmaid's Tale (film)The protagonist of the novel, Offred, documents the history of the two contrasting societies as she recounts with both sentimentality and clarity, the images and memories of her past life as an American women and those of her present life living under the Gileadean regime as a Handmaid.What is most apparent throughout the novel, is that of Margaret Atwood's criticisms of the permissive approach of America and its people, towards the rising levels of corruption, degradation and immorality in modern society. It is this society that the reader can observe as 'freedom to', where a public is free to do as they please, whether it be correct or not, implying that society has reached a peak where it is bordering on spiralling out of control. The society that has implemented the fundamentalist approach of 'freedom from' is the Republic of Gilead...

Critique on the levels of analysis essays

Critique on the levels of analysis essays CRITIQUE ON THE LEVEL-OF-ANALYSIS PROBLEM IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BY J. DAVID SINGER At the beginning of J. David Singers article, he first made use of simple conditions to dwell on and thus establishing the essence of having a model and a point of focus in ones examination of a particular phenomena that emphasizes on the political environment of a country. I agree when he cited that we tend to be at ease with our present status and for that reason, our drive to move forward to a better position is delayed because our concentration has been spread out and consequently, we fail to start. This essay points out the theoretical implications and consequences of the two of the most widely used models in rationalizing a states international relations. These are the International System and the National State as levels of analysis. The author also provided a brief discussion on the key elements in analyzing a model. He stressed that it should be descriptive, explanatory and predictive. To me, this implies that the construction of a model for the purpose of ones analysis, is somewhat sophisticated in the manner of its technique and attributed mainly to the ontological positions holding the study. The relativity of ones interpretation on a given information is for the fact that not every one of us think alike and that it is subjective to ones understanding. From my point of view, the International System, the merging of information in the formulation of general assumptions, could not be at all times be applicable to all the participating bodies. It may do so but the impact may not be of essence to one as that it would create in the other. I believe that the purpose of a homogenized image is to find only the relationships that exist and to measure the influence of these relationships to the subjects involved. This homogenized image therefore provides only an abstract thought or idea because of...

Greek and Roman essay essays

Greek and Roman essay essays As the Greek and Roman empires arose vastly throughout Europe, new ideas that would change the way the Europe and the world would handle things were spread across the globe. Changes in governmental policies, art, and philosophy influenced European culture, inducing future cultures to model their ideas and policies after the Greeks and Romans. The expansion of these empires encouraged cultural diffusion, blending the culture of the two empires into the land it conquered. Ancient Greece passed on a new form of government and governmental policies to European culture. The most important of these governmental policies is democracy. Democracy gave an equal vote to every man, under certain circumstances, on issues concerning the welfare of Grecian city-states. These circumstances limited the number of men that were able to participate in debates, leaving mainly wealthy landowners to run the government. The citizens that made up the democracy would settle issues such as choosing most government officials from the citizenry through a lottery and developed the idea of placing limits on the officials term. This original form of government has had a lost lasting affect on the European world, providing a basis for the governments of future civilizations to come. The Ancient Romans also passed on a form of governmental policies to European culture, but these policies differed from that of Ancient Greece. Although the power was not entirely in the hands of the citizens of Rome, they still had some power and decision making rights that would help shape the government. As in the Grecian democracy, male citizens participated in the Assembly, which could pass laws, elect magistrates, and declare war. No free discussion took place at Roman assemblies, and citizens could only approve or reject proposals presented by a magistrate, rather then present their own. Although this was a limited form of a government run by the people, it was ...

Commodity Chains Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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How Coca-Cola Motivate Its Employees Research Paper

How Coca-Cola Motivate Its Employees - Research Paper Example The researcher states that since its inception in 1886, Coca-Cola had been patronized by millions of consumers globally. Now in its 129 years of business existence, Coca-Cola has announced organizational changes to enable sustaining market leadership in a mature market. The ability of the organization to institute strategies that adapt and adjust to changing needs of the times affirm their competencies of its leaders to manage change in an ever-transforming global environment. Previous news items announced Coca-Cola’s strategic changes in terms of reorganization of operating structure, as well as changes in leadership compositions. Other ventures in acquiring beverage companies were also noted; in conjunction with venturing â€Å"into unfamiliar territories, hoping for potential future growth†. The Coca-Cola Company has reported providing its employees with a comprehensive benefits package which includes the following: health and welfare, protection for the unexpected, workplace incentives, adoption assistance and quality-of-life benefits, and finally, financial rewards. Under the health and welfare benefits, the official website of the organization stipulated that the following incentives are provided to the employees: â€Å"Medical, Dental, Accidental Death & Dismemberment, Group Life Insurance, Dependent Life Insurance, Flexible Spending Accounts, Business Travel Accident Insurance, Short-Term Disability, Long-Term Disability, Survivors Benefits Program and an Employee Assistance Program with confidential counseling services†. Moreover, the financial rewards include educational benefits, retirement plans, discounts and conveniences, rewards and recognition, as well as Matching Gifts Program. The current workforce was reported to include as much as 130,600 associates and more than 700,000 system employees worldwide. With diverse plans to expand into other unfamiliar territories, it could be deduced that the workforce would continue to gro w and would adapt to the changing needs of the times. From among the announced changes, the composition of leaders was noteworthy. The North America market was divided into two (2) operating units: Coca-Cola North America and Coca-Cola Refreshments, which were led by newly appointed leaders. Likewise, another operating structure, the Coca-Cola Americas, was reported to cease in existence; where the affected structure, the Latin America group was allegedly transferred under the jurisdiction of Coca-Cola International.

3 major events in California that we can feel today Essay

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HISTORY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HISTORY - Essay Example Alexander thus was a far better war tactician than Caesar. However when comparing merits as a ruler, it is not just war exploits and successes that need to be considered, but the issue of what was done for their people, and were the people better off under their rule and subsequent to their rule. At the age of twenty Alexander succeeded his father King Phillip as King of Macedonia. He spent the next few years consolidating his power among the Greek nations, and by 334 BC was ready to set out to conquer the world, though handicapped with a small army, no navy, and lacking in the means to finance his dreams. Still he crossed over into Asia Minor to begin the conquest of the Persian Empire. He conquered Asia Minor and at Syria met the forces of the Persian King Darius and defeated them. Darius fled to Mesopotamia. Alexander took Palestine an Egypt and then turned his eyes on Mesopotamia. He soon conquered Mesopotamia. The vast lands and wealth of the great Persian Empire was all his now. He then turned his attention to Afghanistan and India. He gained Afghanistan and a hold on the north-western parts of India, At this point he had to turn back, as his army had become restless with so many years of fighting away from home. His eastward thrust thus ended in 327 BC, just seven years after he had set out. There is no doubt that no ruler ever has achieved so much in conquests in so limited a period of time (Alexander the Great). The driving force behind Alexander’s dreams of conquering the world is a much debated topic. The debate remains on whether wanting to spread Greek civilization or whether it was his megalomania that was the cause. However there is agreement in that his conquests and the speed at which they were executed remain with a parallel in history. However, the same speed with which the conquests were seen in the collapse of his empire after his death. In that sense his conquests did

About the workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

About the workplace - Essay Example This first impression clearly explains the culture of this organization. As an English teacher, my role in this organization is to perk up the standards of English in Alrashad elementary school, act as a mentor, counselor and team builder. This is inclusive of my other roles apart from that of being a teacher in the classroom setting. With the departure of the manager, there has been perceptible communiquà © breakdown in the school for about two weeks. The environment, in this case, plays a huge role in communication and co-existing behaviour among individuals. In this case, the absence of the school manager has resulted to communication failure since the orders do not come from a central organ as before. Field analysis can be applied for managing change in the school. This entails assigning various actions to various people in the school, since field theory has been termed as a change tool. The dynamic field of the usual Alrashad elementary school is experiencing some minuses in terms of loyalty to the bosses. Change in the school can be achieved through the acting managers chairing meetings and briefs to constantly remind the staff that they are obliged to perform their roles effectively. There is a need to sign lesson attendance sheets by the educators whilst the support staff will be required to sign in on the roles performed. Assigning each field a role to play means that they will have an objective to meet at the end of the day; thus, field theory allows for implementation of the goals and mission of Alrashad elementary school even without the manager’s command. Group dynamic theory can be applied in the case of Alrashad elementary school with the absence of the manager for two weeks. On the other hand, it is evident that Alrashad elementary school is a social group that encompasses group dynamics. An application of the group dynamic theory would be useful

Self Assessment Essay Example for Free

Self Assessment Essay What did this exercise reveal about you to yourself? The description of the four types of personal orientation to others, named as competitors, individualists, cooperators, and equalizers is another way to understand our unique preferences and how we respond to others (Greenberg, 2013). This exercise indicated an individualist disposition with cooperators coming in second. Since the overall concern or motivation for an individualist is the outcomes related to self, the question now is regarding job motivation. How does this relate to the current job choice since this exercise ended in a self-revelation unbeknownst to me? Regardless of ones personal orientation, effective communication has key elements, which is accountability, professional, brief and sincere (Marques, 2010). Prior to this assignment, if asked about job choice motivation it appeared that it was to help others; therefore the self-assessment gives a total different view. Persons high in individualism cooperate only under some conditions when there is a benefit to self. Were you surprised at what you learned, or was it something you already knew? After reading the chapter it surprised me arriving at the higher score of individualist due to the overall emphasis and concern for others depicted by working in a non-profit whose main objective is helping those who cannot help themselves. Cooperative is not a word that would be used to describe my personality but could be in certain situations. On the other hand, self-views related to conflict, is of acceptance, since it seems to come and go, being an inevitable part of life whether in the business world or at home. Growing up there was a lot of conflicts from having a house with nine passionate Italian children. Someone was always arguing and disagreeing which seems natural to me. When looking at the opposite of cooperative, uncooperative could be used. These two polar opposites cause conflict. Therefore, could it be that those who are accepting of conflict may be viewed as ncooperative. Conflict is related to issues not people since it is the difference of opinion causing the conflicting views. Do you tend to maintain the same orientation most of the time or are there occasions in which you change from one orientation to another? What do you think this means? Maintaining the individualistic orientation is common in most situations yet there are times that other orientations dominate. Generally stating, it is common for me, in most situations to view each person as unique and taking the role of helper. This stems from growing up as the second in line of nine children. It was also common coming from a big family of mostly boys, to focus on my preference since it seemed as if the girls and boys were pitted against each other on opposite sides. My brothers were always teasing and name-calling and I was very sensitive. My sisters are 10 and 15 years younger, so there wasn’t an ally for a long time leaving me to not only fend for myself but having five brothers against one sister. When we get together as a large family, the competitor rises to the occasion. Many times we will play music and sing. All of us are competitive when in game mode whether poker or karaoke. The equalizer is another personal orientation that I occasionally identify based on relevant situations. This comes and goes mirrored within the role of caretaking my younger siblings being the responsible older sister. This exercise was highly informative in gaining perspective of the various methods used to understand those in our world including ourselves.

Discuss Woolf Reforms Effect On Civil Justice Law Essay

Discuss Woolf Reforms Effect On Civil Justice Law Essay This essay will seek to analyse the Woolf Reforms and in that context will evaluate the overall qualitative impact that they have had on the Civil Justice system. The essay will discuss the background in which Woolf Reforms were passed, the Woolf Reforms, Impact/intention of the reforms, Objective analysis based on criticism (positives and negatives) and finally the essay will conclude by analysing whether the Woolf Reform has actually succeeded in its definitive goal of reducing cost and delay. Background In 1995 there was a survey carried out by National Consumer Council  [1]  which found that 3 out of 4 people who are involved in serious legal disputes were dissatisfied with the civil justice system. It was found that of the 1,019 respondents, 77 percent believed that the system was too slow, 74 per cent stated that the system was too complicated and 73 per cent said that it was unwelcoming and outdated.  [2]   A cursory look at history reveals that Pre-Trial process has been the subject matter of numerous reports and inquiries. Since 1968 there has been the Winn Committee  [3]  , the Cantley Committee  [4]  , the massive Civil Justice review 1985-1988  [5]  and the Heilbron-Hodge Working party jointly set up by the Bar and the Law Society  [6]  . These are outside the purview of this Essay as the new system of Civil procedure took effect on the basis of the recommendations made by Lord Woolf in his June 1995 Interim Report  [7]  and his July Final report, both of which are entitled Access to Justice  [8]  . Senior members of judiciary have always boldly defended the significance of civil justice and were concerned about the degradation and the problems inflicting the civil justice system  [9]  . Genn further stated that he was aware of the sorry state of the civil courts  [10]  . It was in this background of continuous criticism that the previous Conservative Government appointed Lord Woolf to carry out a far reaching review and overhaul the civil justice system. His inquiry is the 63rd such review in the past 100 years  [11]  . The 3 perennial problems of cost, delay and complexity have plagued the civil justice system for ages and it was these ills that the Woolf reforms sought to redress  [12]  . Indeed, the whole ethos of civil justice is bound to fail if litigation which in itself is a costly affair cannot provide timely, less expensive and simple justice. Lord Woolf wanted to eliminate the defects in the civil justice system which were identified as being: too expensive, too slow, lacking equality between powerful and wealthy litigants and under-resourced litigants, too uncertain in terms of the length and cost of litigation, too fragmented and too adversarial  [13]  . Therefore it was in this light that in March 1994, the Lord Chancellor set up the Woolf enquiry whereby ways of reducing delays and improving accessibility of civil proceedings, and of reducing their cost were to be found  [14]  . On 26th April 1999 New Civil Procedure Rules and the accompanying Practice Directions came into force. These rules constitute the most fundamental reform of the civil justice system in the 20th century, introducing the main recommendations of Lord Woolfs final report. He described his proposals as providing A new landscape for civil justice for the 21st century  [15]  . Woolf Reforms- The need for reform The whole ethos of the Woolf reforms is woven around avoiding litigation and promoting settlement between parties  [16]  . While it shall be analysed in detail whether the much needed reforms fulfilled their purpose or not, it can be stated in the affirmative that the Reforms were very well received by various quarters of the legal profession  [17]  . However, the reforms have not escaped criticism and one of their outspoken critics is Michael Zander. The inquiry by Woolf published its final report in 1996 and thereafter the proposals resulted in the Civil Procedure Act 1997 and the Civil Procedure Rules 1998, which are the same  [18]  for the County court and High Court. It needs to be clarified here that the changes sought by Woolf Reforms bear effect primarily through the Civil Procedure Act 1997 and the CPR 1998, although these have been supplemented by new practice directions and pre-action protocols  [19]  . Lord Woolf, when he began his examination of the Civil law process identified diverse problems  [20]  . His interim report of June 1995 sates that the key problems facing civil justice today are cost, delay and complexity, these three are interrelated and stem from the uncontrolled nature of the litigation process. In particular there is no judicial responsibility for managing individual cases or for the overall assessment of the civil courts  [21]  . Heilbron Hodge, who called for a radical appraisal of the approach to civil litigation form all its participants, paved the way for Woolf report and accompanying reforms . It was forewarned  [22]  by Lord Woolf that without effective judicial control the adversarial process of the civil courts was likely to degenerate into an environment in which the litigation process is too often seen as a battlefield where no rules apply immediate effect of which would be disproportionate expense and unpredictable delay  [23]  . Being conscious of all these problems, Lord Woolf envisaged a New Landscape for Civil justice which included: Litigation will be avoided wherever possible, litigation will be less adversarial and more co operative, Litigation will be less complex, the timescale of litigation will be shorter and more certain, the cost of litigation will be more affordable, more predictable, and more proportionate to the value and complexity of individual cases, parties of limited financial means will be able to conduct litigation on a more equal footing, there will be clear lines of judicial and administrative responsibility for the civil justice system, Judges will be deployed effectively so that they can manage litigation in accordance with the new rules and protocols, the civil justice system will be responsive to the needs of litigants.  [24]   For paucity of space I shall be discussing the main reforms that have an immediate effect on cost and delay: Pre-Action protocol, Part 36, Judicial Case Management and ADR. These were the brainchild of Lord Woolf, in this context I will compare Judicial Statistics as regards the impact of these reforms and will also evaluate the criticisms meted out to these reforms from various quadrants. The proposed objective of all these reforms was to encourage settlement, avoid litigation, encourage parties to be less adversarial, more cooperative, reduce complexity of litigation, reduce delay, and reduce cost.  [25]  It is but utmost important to discuss the reforms to see whether these objectives have been met or not. Pre-action Protocols The idea was pioneered by Lord Woolf and can be considered as one of the most important innovations of the Woolf Reforms. Pre-action Protocols focus on the conduct of parties in the pre litigation stage which will be taken into account by the courts both during the case and also towards the end when the final decision regarding allocation of costs is taken. Pre-action protocols serves an effective means to this end as they are accompanied by the practice directions which describe their chief objective as encouraging exchange of early and full information about the prospective claim, avoiding litigation by promoting settlement and where litigation emerges as the last resort, to support its efficient management  [26]  . It was stated by Lord Woolf in the Final report on Access to Justice (1996) that Pre-action protocols are intended to build on and increase the benefits of early but well informed settlements  [27]  .Clearly one can say that if parties know everything before han d, it does promote a healthy environment by way of co-operation and the civil litigation process can be avoided. There have been 9 pre-action protocols produced so far covering vast areas of practice such as personal injury, medical negligence and housing  [28]  . By 2003 they also existed for construction and engineering, defamation, professional negligence and judicial review. The purpose of these protocols was to  [29]  set down pre-court procedures, encourage good communication and early settlement. Further these protocols cast a duty on the claimant to give the defendant details of the claim and on the other hand the defendant must respond to these claims within a stricter period of time. The protocols state that the key documents on which the partys case wholly rests must be disclosed at an early stage. Both the defendant and the claimant must agree on the use of an expert witness where relevant. If the parties fail to comply with these pre-action protocols the immediate result is penalty whereby the party at fault must pay some or all costs of the proceedings.  [30]  Claims however, should not be issued until at least three months after the initial letter of claim wherein the claimant has written to the prospective defendant disclosing his claim  [31]  . Evaluation/impact of the protocols will be carried out in the next section but it should be mentioned here that although pre action protocols may be expensive and can lead to front loading of costs in cases which would settle without them, they might be able to prevent the unnecessary costs of issuing proceedings and listing for hearing in the same cases. Another benefit that follows from the protocols could be that they might give the parties a healthy nudge towards Alternative Dispute Resolution  [32]  . Part 36: An Innovative Approach The Woolf Reforms instituted Part 36 which provides greater incentives for the parties to settle their differences mutually. Under Part 36 procedures exist for either party to make an offer to settle their disputes and these were significantly revised with effect from 6th April 2007. Now a part 36 offer can be made before the proceedings start as well as in the appeal proceedings. In this regard Offeror refers to the party making the offer and the Offeree is the one receiving it. Upon acceptance of an offer by the claimant a duty is cast on the defendant to pay the sum offered within 14 days, failure to do so would allow the claimant to enter judgement. Also, any pre- action offer to settle while making an order for costs will be taken into consideration by courts. A side refusing it will be treated less generously and this usually applies to offers which are open to the other side for at least 21 days after the date they were made. Lord Woolf suggested that for a settlement offer to qualify as an offer under Part 36 it must be made in writing with the intention to have the consequences of part 36. As regards Defendant making the offer, a period of not less than 21 days must be specified whereby the defendants liability for claimants will be established if the offer is accepted. Under the revised Part 36 however, any offer may be withdrawn after the expiry of the relevant period, as defined in Rule 36.3.1.c, without the courts permission  [33]  . Michael Zander states that when the defendant pays a sum of money into the court account as an offer of settlement, the case would end upon acceptance of the money. However if the offer is refused by the claimant, the defendant can still increase his payment-in. Upon further refusal the case will go to trial and the outcome will be determined by the court. If the Claimant does not recover more than the amount paid in, the court will order him to pay the cost of both sides from the date of payment-in. It would be worth mentioning Calderbank letters here because technically the system applies only to cases which concerned damages or other money claims whereas under these letters if the defendant makes an offer of settlement without prejudice save as to costs it would virtually be treated by the courts in the same way as if it was payment into court. Pre -CPR this rule 36 was applied inflexibly. Post 1999 the courts are able to mitigate the harshness of the traditional rule where the cl aimant was automatically ordered to pay the cost of both the sides upon failure to secure more than the amount paid in by the defendant. New rules now provide for the Claimants offer, which was considered to be a big change. For money claims Part 36 payments apply, however, where the claim is not monetary, the defendant can still make a part 36 offer (as opposed to part 36 payment) and thereafter the same basic rules shall apply. However the courts discretion  [34]  applies. All in all allowing the claimant to make an offer of settlement under the CPR has proved to be a welcome step  [35]  . The analysis of Part 36 will be discussed in the next section. Judicial Case Management: Striking a balance This is the most significant innovation as it was perceived by Lord Woolf that case control by judiciary, rather then leaving the conduct of the case to the parties, will bring the cases to trial quickly and efficiently  [36]  . It can be seen that the litigants in this new system will have much less control over the pace of the case than in the past. As the case is now subject to a timetable, parties will not be able to draw out proceedings and cause delays. A positive duty is cast on the court which means  [37]  : Civil Procedure Rules 1.4(1) encouraging parties to co-operate with each other in conduct of the proceedings, identifying the issues at an early stage, encouraging parties to use ADR, helping parties to settle whole or part of the case. Under the CPR Cases must be assigned to 1 of the 3 tracks: small claims, fast track or multi-track, each having its own separate regime depending primarily on the financial value of claim  [38]  . Limit for small claims cases is  £5,000 except for personal injury and housing cases where it is  £1000. Proportionate procedure is followed where straight forward claims with a financial value of not more than  £5,000 can be decided without needing substantial pre hearing preparation or formalities of substantial trial and also without incurring large legal costs  [39]  . These procedure under small claims are controlled by district judges on informal basis  [40]  . Cases involving amounts between  £5,000-15,000 are dealt here unless they are deemed unsuitable. The fast track procedure incorporates a set timetable of no more than 30 weeks to trial, limited pre-trial procedures, trials restricted to no more than 3 hours (which was further extended to 5 hours), restrictions on oral evidence form experts and recovery of standard fixed costs  [41]  . Cases involving amounts exceeding the fast track limit or cases with lesser amounts which are considered complex or to o important for small claims or fast track cases are dealt with here  [42]  . Evaluation of the impact of judicial case management on reduction in cost, delay and complexity will follow in the next section. ADR, though not part of the traditional Court system, has been brought in connection through the CPR. Lord Woolf in his Final Report urged that people should be told and encouraged to resort to a growing number of grievance procedures, or the ADR before taking up legal proceedings. These ADR feature prominently in the rules and CPR 1.4(1)  [43]  states that the court must further the overriding objective by actively managing cases. However, Lord Woolf commented that ADR cannot be imposed compulsorily on parties at dispute in civil litigation  [44]  . There are no complex court procedures to be adhered to while using ADR and also it saves a lot of time and avoids ever escalating litigation costs. Experts evidence was another area with which Lord Woolf was concerned. It was contended by him that expert evidence was a major cause because of which excessive expense, delay (in some cases) and complexity increased. He wanted to do away with the system where both the parties could appoint their own experts, rather he envisaged a single expert who would owe his allegiance to the court rather than to the parties. Given the criticism of his proposal he admitted that though a significant shift towards single experts is not immediately possible, nevertheless it was possible to initiate a shift in that direction  [45]  . Impact/Evaluation of the Reforms Before evaluating the reforms it may be stated in the affirmative that the Overriding Objective of the new CPR was to enable the courts to deal justly with the cases. CPR rule 1.1(1) reads: These rules are a new procedural code with the overriding objective of enabling the court to deal with cases justly  [46]  . The combined effect of the major reforms was to avoid parties going to litigation and to promote settlement. This merit analysis based on empirical data wherein the major focus is to evaluate reduction in cost and delay. Early evidence reveals success on the part of these radical changes as, there was 25 % reduction in the number of cases issued in the county courts in May August 1999 which in comparison to the same period in the previous year was much less. This further fell to 23 % by the end of January 2000. Lord Phillip stated that the reforms have proved to be effective in changing the whole ethos of litigation but litigation itself is still expensive. It was commented by Gary slapper et al that overall reforms can be seen as a triumphant step in the right direction as larger proportion of society is able to achieve greater access to justice especially when the issues at dispute are relatively small and can be dealt with quickly and cheaply in the small claims track. However, t he reforms do not fare that well where complex commercial disputes are concerned.  [47]   As a result of the reforms many positive changes have occurred, the culture has become less adversarial, there is better exchange of information between the parties before the start of litigation and settlement now focuses on the substantive issues in the case  [48]  . Cards on table culture, as it can be called, is a major factor leading to settlement. Communication and exchange of information at an early stage always help  [49]  . Furthermore, claimant offers under Part 36 were praised as claimants could now obtain a response from the defendant and defendants also benefitted from them as they could set upper limits to the bargaining. Protocols, by focussing on formulating clear ground rules on the basis of which claims are formulated and responded to, encouraged parties to focus their minds on the key issues at an early stage  [50]  . File survey undertaken by Goreily et al revealed that median time in case of medical report to settlement had fallen from 170 days pre Wo olf to 123 days post-Woolf, thereby reflecting that settlement has become quicker  [51]  . In case of large claims which were subject to court timetables, solicitors thought the speed has become quicker. As regards cost it was acknowledged that costs increased because of front-loading as now more work is required to be done during the initial stages  [52]  . Evidence regarding protocols suggested that it had some impact in reducing costs as earlier exchange of information could lead to speedier settlements because both sides become aware of the issues much sooner. Case management evaluation however, received a mixed response. Experience in relation to High Court Masters in London was perceived as positive and leading to a greater incentive to reach agreement before hearing. However, outside London the experiences were not that positive  [53]  . Judicial statistics reveal that the number of claims have fallen to less than 1,90,000 in 2005 as compared to 2,20,000 in 1998. All this has happened since the coming into force of the Woolf reforms, though favourable economic climate may also account for this  [54]  . Cases have diverted from being litigated in the courts as a result of the use of pre-action protocols and claimant offers under part 36 which encourage pre-trial settlements, causative effect being that only 8% of cases which are listed for trial settle during the course of trial and 70% settle much earlier. This is suggestive of the fact that the reforms have been a positive step towards out-of-court settlements which have the advantage of providing a quick/speedy end to the dispute coupled with a reduction in costs  [55]  . First evaluation of the new Civil Procedure Rules by the Government  [56]  indicated the overall benefits of reforms whereby it was stated that cases are settling much earlier and not at the courts doorstep. Litigation is regarded as the last resort by lawyers and clients who now make greater use of ADR. Pre-action protocols were believed to be a success. All these findings are further supported by the latest research  [57]  into the civil justice system  [58]  . A major official study published by the institute of Civil Justice at the Rand Corporation in California (Kakalik et al, 1996) looked into the effect of American Civil Justice Reform Act 1990 based on a survey of 10,000 cases. And found that early use of Judicial case management can yield reductions of one and a half or 2 months to resolve cases that would otherwise last at least 9 months. Discovery timetables further reduce time to disposition and also the number of hours spent by a lawyer working on the case. However one drawback is that case management will ultimately lead to an approximately 20 hour increase in lawyers work overall  [59]  . Only 2 proper research studies on the impact of Woolf reforms have been there so far. The first one was carried out for the Civil Justice council and the Law Society (Goreily et al.)  [60]  on pre -action behaviour. The second for Department of constitutional affairs by Professors Peysner and Seneviratne  [61]  dealt with the case management  [62]  . It was contended on the basis of this second research that protocols generate co-operation, and help prepare cases in a organised way and also discussed widespread employment of single joint experts and that days of hired guns are over.  [63]  . It is important here to mention the benefits accruing as a result of the Woolf Reforms which have been validated from a variety of sources  [64]  : Culture seems to be less adversarial which reflects a better future, Pre action protocols have received laudable applause, Part 36 offers and payments seem to promote healthy settlement, single joint experts seem to work better in contrast to views of critics. Judicial Statistics reveal that average waiting time in county courts from issue of claim to trial has reduced form 85 weeks in 1998 to 52 weeks in 2005  [65]  . Analysing Statistics from Department of constitutional affairs, Reynolds Porter Chamberlin (RPC) a large city law firm found that in the first year of the reforms there was a 41.3 % drop in cases being litigated and in the following 5 years(in 2005) it further declined to a drop of 1.7%  [66]  . District Judge Terence John being sceptical however, stated that the reforms have changed the civil legal world for better and are here to stay. He further observed that 70 % of the claims are being dealt through the small claims track and 20 % through the fast track; all this makes recourse to justice realistic  [67]  . Also Judge Charles Harris QC commented, trials are held pretty briskly as a result of case management which restricts incompetent litigators to prolong the case.  [68]   Criticism A major criticism of the Woolf reforms was mounted by Zander who opined that there is immense pressure  [69]  on parties to enter settlement once the case begins. Empirical evidence suggests that it is not necessary that pre-trial hearing will reduce cost and delay  [70]  . Further report by T. Goreily et al suggests that overall time before and after reforms have remained the same  [71]  . (However it may be stated, further empirical data on delay as a result of reforms a